Work Life Balance in Economic downturn

Question: Compose an exposition on work life balance in monetary downturn. Answer: Presentation The report targets examining one of the most significant ideas that is being by a huge number of associations today. The idea is known as adaptability. The report targets contemplating the distinctions that may have ejected in the idea as the associations have developed after some time since certain individuals accept that adaptability has lost its unique reason. The report likewise examines the impact that long working hours can have on the general execution of the representatives and by what method can an association guarantee work life balance when it is experiencing a time of financial downturns. Adaptability The current day business associations are contending in an extremely mind boggling business condition where the opposition among firms have arrived at a worldwide level is still on the ascent as an ever increasing number of nations are executing globalization. In this time of globalizations, organizations can't answer upon items, administrations, providers, merchants, forms, flexibly chain the board frameworks, and so on to pick up advertise abilities as every one of them can be effectively copied inside a limited capacity to focus time. The main assets that can give advertise capabilities in the current day world are the HR that an association holds (Why is Human Resources Important? | Importance of a HR Department | TriNet, n.d.). In this manner, it is significant for the business associations to care for their HR and make vital strides that would help in the advancement of the human asset with the goal that they become progressively beneficial and effective in the neck to neck adv ertise rivalry. Adaptability is one of the most significant methodologies that the associations are executing today to give a superior workplace to their representatives. Adaptability at working environment helps the businesses and the representatives to make game plans in working conditions that are reasonable to both the gatherings. The essential thought behind working environment adaptability is that it furnishes the businesses with a way to deal with cut down working costs, increment profitability and productivity while it permits the representatives to keep up a superior harmony between their work and individual lives (Flexibility in the working environment Employee qualifications Fair Work Ombudsman, n.d.). A portion of the benefits of working environment adaptability are talked about underneath: It helps in expanding the authoritative duty and reliability among the workers. It helps in expanding the personal satisfaction of the business just as of the workers. The greatest bit of leeway of adaptability is that it helps in expanding profitability, productivity and occupation fulfillment among the workers. Work environment adaptability is in extraordinary interest today and even the private venture associations are being undermined because of the nonappearance of this idea. The representatives presently request a more prominent harmony between their work and individual life if the organization needs them to show more noteworthy profitability and productivity on the grounds that a large portion of the occasions, the family conditions, issues and weights hugy affect their exhibitions and they can't adapt up on the off chance that they can't keep up a harmony between their work and life. Representatives have themselves revealed in various investigates that they will in general be progressively beneficial and occupied with the work when they are given better perspectives to deal with their work life balance. Adaptability in work environment has additionally demonstrated positive outcomes identified with mental and physical wellbeing. Specialists have additionally reasoned that adaptability can help in lessening the degrees of worry among the workers (WHY EMPLOYEES NEED FLEXIBILITY, n.d.). Work environment adaptability is an excellent idea that has various advantages. The idea has improved the workplace for the representatives and they are getting increasingly happy with their employments. In organizations that don't have adaptability choices, a large portion of the representatives are unsatisfied and have the most extreme inclination to find employment elsewhere and look for associations that offer them more noteworthy adaptability (A Revolutionary Change: Making the Workplace More Flexible | Solutions, 2011). The contention made by Juliet Bourke isn't fitting as adaptability is as yet perhaps the best system to adapt up to uneven characters between the work and individual existences of the representatives. There are a large number of organizations that have actualized working environment adaptability while the others are intending to execute it soon. As indicated by Juliet Bourke, the idea of adaptability has lost its ideal models since now it requests lower number o f representatives to accomplish more prominent goals however this is really false. In the event that the circumstance is considered for all intents and purposes, the representatives who are given adaptable work hours have been secured to have more noteworthy position fulfillment, work commitment, work responsibility and authoritative duty, which clearly imply that they are prepared to accomplish higher targets for the association. Whenever viewed from another point, it tends to be said that work environment adaptability can be very hard for certain organizations to be actualized in their working environments. It is these organizations that can't adapt up to the adaptability technique as the terms and states of the methodology may put extra weight on some ranking directors however from a general point of view, adaptability is as yet probably the best system and has the ideal capacities to help the administration in accomplishing higher effectiveness, efficiency, representative consis tency standard and occupation fulfillment among the workers. Ramifications of long working hours on representatives Long working hours can be useful for the representatives and the businesses as it helps in making up for unforeseen changes and nonattendance of human asset without employing additional human asset. Be that as it may, the negative parts of long working hours, on the representatives, far exceed the advantages of long working hours. Despite the fact that numerous representatives discover additional time functioning as a decent chance, the specialists have presumed that there can be various negative impacts of long working hours on the representatives. A portion of the negative impacts are examined underneath: Increment in wellbeing related issues various logical investigations have discovered a positive connection between medical issues and long working hours. A portion of the medical issues identified with long working hours are: Injury in the lower back because of substantial physical work More severe hypertensions in individuals performing office occupations An expansion in the issues identified with emotional wellness Diminished birth weight and gestational age in ladies Increment in liquor utilization among men Increment in the paces of suicides Further investigations have additionally discovered that individuals who work for more than 50-60 hours in seven days have serious family clashes, which at last prompts divorces, decreased emotional wellness and liquor issues. A Canadian report has likewise reasoned that long work hours can cause unfortunate weight gain in men while the ladies can encounter despondency (5 Negative Effects of High Overtime Levels, 2016). Diminished profitability a few directors may imagine that they would have the option to accomplish an expansion in the general efficiency in the event that they can figure out how to make the representatives work for longer hours, which is really false. Studies and reports have presumed that the efficiency in associations can languish if the laborers work over longer hours. In salaried occupations, the profitability was found to diminish by 25% if the representatives were made to work for at least 60 hours in a solitary week. In a portion of the cases, the analysts have watched weariness among the representatives since they become too worn out in view of the physical and mental endeavors that they need to place in while working for such extended periods of time. Further, by giving more opportunity to the representatives to achieve a specific bit of work, the association winds up hindering the work rate and subsequently, the profitability of the association diminishes. On the off chan ce that the representatives can't keep up a legitimate harmony between their work life and their own lives, they may begin to give indications of presenteeism which implies that the workers stay at work genuinely however their brain isn't focusing at work and is thinking somewhere else. Expanded truancy an expansion in the working hours can build the non-attendance in a business association. At the point when individuals need to work for longer hours than they can agree to, they experience unexpected frailty, exhaustion, or they straightforward want to take a break from their furious work routines. Therefore, they begin to take longer leavers and the non-appearance in the association increments. Further, to make up for the representatives on leave, the organization needs to either enlist new staff or needs to depend upon its old staff to stay at work longer than required and assume liability of crafted by the individuals who are missing from the association. This makes the difficult self-sustaining. Further, increment in working hours can likewise cause different issues, for example, loss of worker confidence, low profitability, high turnover, higher truancy and work issues. Increment in the turnover rates with elevated levels of non-attendance winning in the association, it is very clear that the turnover rates would likewise move up. The absence of work life parity and experience of exhaustion because of long working hours would clearly decline up the situation. Thus, the turnover paces of an association increment. Turnover rates are found to increment just in those associations where they approach the representatives to work for longer lengths without furnishing them with any pay for the additional endeavors that they put in (5 Negative Effects of High Overtime Levels, 2016). Slowed down work another drawback of additional time working hours is that the representatives who stay at work longer than required are commonly paid for the additional endeavors that they put in and to boost their income, they may slow down their work during the ordinary work day and make guarantees that they would require ex

Australian Law and Commonwealth Parliament Assignment

Australian Law and Commonwealth Parliament - Assignment Example As per the discoveries, it can, consequently, be said that the Parliament of Australia (Commonwealth Parliament) is the center foundation where the procedure of discussion, thought, and section of bills into laws plays out. This is an essential part of overseeing the country, as it permitted out of date laws to be supplanted by increasingly significant ones (ongoing laws administering awards and privileges of Aboriginal Australians are an a valid example). The constitution expresses that â€Å"a new Commonwealth (national) law must be made, or a current law changed or expelled, by or under the authority of the government Parliament, that is, by or as per an Act of Parliament.† This occurrence shows that the thought processes and destinations for the production of the establishment of the Parliament are all around enunciated in the Constitution. The remainder of this article will contend that the Commonwealth Parliament is to be sure invested with wide going forces to make laws for the nation. The Commonwealth Parliament is a bicameral game plan, where the two places of Parliament should agree under the steady gaze of laws could be passed. The lower place of the Parliament is chosen based on ‘one-vote-one-value’ guideline. The upper house, then again, contains delegated individuals close by chose individuals. Segment 1 of the Constitution of Australia expresses that Parliament contains three units. The principal segment is the Queen, the second is the Senate and the third is the House of Representatives. Since the Queen is an ostensible figure, she’s spoke to by the Governor-General. The Senate (the upper house) comprises of 76 individuals (twelve each for each state and two for every terrain domain). Utilizing the strategy for corresponding democratic, Senators are chosen for the house. The lower house, then again, is spoken to by 150 individuals. The individuals from the House of Representatives are drawn from constituent divisions o r electorates. (Wear, 1999, p.544) These two houses meet in discrete offices of the Parliament House in the capital city to discussion and decision on a few administrative proposition. Along these lines, sees from all segments of society are paid attention to all the while. In this way, the pioneers of Australian majority rule government have introduced a steady and idiot proof structure for refreshing the laws of the nation. (Kelly, 2001, p.44) The designers of the constitution additionally forced balanced governance in the framework through the gift of inconsistent measures of forces to the two houses. For instance, â€Å"In matters identifying with the assortment or use of open cash the Constitution gives an all the more impressive job to the House of Representativesâ€the House of Government. Bills which approve the going through of cash (allotment bills) and bills forcing tax collection can't start in the Senate. The Senate may not correct bills forcing tax assessment and a few sorts of an allotment bill, or change any bill in order to expand any proposed charge or weight on the individuals however it can request that the House make alterations to these bills.†Ã¢

Tuesday is the new black.

Tuesday is the new black. DID YOU KNOW? After failing to acquire MIT no less than 3 times in the early 20th century, Harvard used a substantial grant from George F. Baker to establish a school for engineering in Cambridge. This college is now known as Harvard Business School. Today is a virtual Monday at MIT. Unlike most colleges, we get Presidents day off despite the fact that it sometimes occurs a mere nine days into term. However, since we get so many Mondays off during the spring semester, today we are actually following a Monday schedule even though its Tuesday. Just think of how fascinating an entry this is going to make! Well, it turns out that MIT is such an important institution in the scientific community, the global society, and the fabric of reality, that if it changes its schedule for even one day without telling people, things all over the world start to unravel. Three totally crazy things happened yesterday, and I totally blame/credit this whole Tuesday is the new black with the generally bizarre happenings yesterday in this ever changing world in which we livin. Thing One Lawrence H. Intrinsic Aptitude Summers 75, President of Harvard, resigned! This was so important that I had to wake Mitra up from her nap to tell her. Now, I like to keep this blog pretty much politically neutral on all issues except one, but Id still like to paraphrase a particularly excellent quote from VooDoo, MITs only intentionally humorous campus publication. Opposite [President Hockfield] stands the scholar, Senior Haus alumnus Larry Summers, who is living the MIT dream and running Harvard into the ground Thing Two Caroline, my friend from marching band, and one of like the five coolest people on campus, moved up to the top two or three when she showed me this birthday card that she has signed by JONATHAN SAFRAN FOER! Have you read Everything is Illuminated? If not, stop reading my stupid piece of horse dung blog and run out and buy it. Seriously. Its totally the most fantastic and ethereal book that Ive ever read in my admittedly short life. Hush, and then: the curtains of clouds parting, the hands of thunder clapping. The universe poured down in a divine onslaught of bombing vomit. Anyway, the story goes that one day last year in Maryland where Caroline lives, Jonathan Safran Foer came down to do a signing of his second, vastly inferior novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close. Caroline was totally unable to go for some reason such as sickness or being at MIT or something, so her parents went to it. Realizing that it was Carolines birthday that very week, they bought a Hidden passions of chocolate card from the nearby gift shop and took it to Jonathan to sign. A week later they sent the card to her, and a few days later they told her exactly who signed it because, you know, its not totally obvious. (Sams Mom is writing this down.) Thing Three So I was super-tooling for 10.37: Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design and I cracked open this text for the first time to look up some fugacity equilibrium relations. I really didnt expect to find this on page 1040. So here, right after a problem on methanol synthesis, I had the privelege of discovering author H. Scott Foglers recipe for Cajun Seafood Gumbo. Apparently the recipe (including time of roux baking and onion sauteing) is provided as an example of a batch process problemgiven this set of cooking parameters and feed ingredients, what is the best way of making a reactor for synthesizing, canning, and exporting H. Scott Foglers seafood gumbo? Mens et manus? Et gumbo, Brute.

Ethics Examples - 1565 Words

Samples of Business Ethics: 1. HONESTY: Honesty is the virtue of communicating the truth and creating trust in the minds of others. Therefore, business honesty means the virtue of communicating business truth and creating business trust in the minds of others. This communication may include verbal and non-verbal and may be transferred to customers, employees, investors, creditors, debtors, co-owners, the government, the public and anyone who may have interest in one’s business. 2. PROMISE-KEEPING: means keeping one’s commitments. When promises have been made, they are supported by the fact that the obligation to keep promises is among the most important of generally accepted obligations. Promises and agreements to stakeholders create†¦show more content†¦They treat all individuals with equality, with tolerance and acceptance of diversity, and with an open mind. 6. CONCERN AND RESPECT FOR OTHERS. Hospitality managers are concerned, respectful, compassionate, and kind. They are sensitive to the personal concerns of their colleagues and live the Golden Rule. They respect the rights and interests of all those who have a stake in their decisions. 7. COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE. Hospitality managers pursue excellence in performing their duties and are willing to put more into their job than they can get out of it. 8. LEADERSHIP. Hospitality managers are conscious of the responsibility and opportunities of their position of leadership. They realize that the best way to instill ethical principles and ethical awareness in their organizations is by example. They walk their talk! 9. REPUTATION AND MORALE. Hospitality managers seek to protect and build the company’s reputation and the morale of its employees by engaging in conduct that builds respect. They also take whatever actions are necessary to correct or prevent inappropriate conduct of others. 10. ACCOUNTABILITY. Hospitality managers are personally accountable for the ethical quality of their decisions, as well as those of their subordinates. Samples of Filipino Values: 1. FAMILY. The Philippines is known to be a family centered nation. The Filipinos recognize their family as an important social structure that one must take care of.Show MoreRelatedEthics in Counseling Essay example1667 Words   |  7 PagesBoundary Issues and the Dual Relationship By Jennifer Ewings Willis PCN 505, Ethics in Professional Counseling Dr. Gloria Gabler, Instructor Boundary Issues and Dual Relationships In the Counseling field, Counselors will encounter many instances of boundary issues. These types issues will occur when practitioners establish more than one relationship with clients. These relationshipsRead More The Ethics of Xenotransplantation Essay examples1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Xenotransplantation 1. 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Parallelisms and DifferencesRastafarianism and Judaism...

Parallelisms and Differences:Rastafarianism and Judaism The two religions of Rastafarianism and Judaism embody many of the same characteristics, as well as their ancestry. Although the Rastafarians, at times, inaccurately explain the bible, their belief in the Old Testament is still prevalent. Many of the customs are almost identical, but the rationale behind the traditions and laws contrast greatly. In 1933, when Leonard P. Howell was arrested for usingseditious and blasphemous language,to boost the sale of pictures of Haile Selassie, he stated that Selassie was,King Ras Tafari of Abyssinia, son of king Solomon by the queen of Sheba.1 Howell knew that in later years factual information about Selassies true origin would be†¦show more content†¦The Falashas adhere to the teachings of the Torah, the five books of Moses, as well as all the other books of the Old Testament. Although, they reject any scriptures from the New Testament and the Koran, which are used by Christians and Muslims across the world. Orthodox rabbis have questioned the authenticity of their attachment to the Jewish religion because they do not follow the precepts of the Halachah, or Oral Law, which they follow. But the Talmud was not complete until about 500 AD, at a time when the Jews of Ethiopia were already cut off from their co-religionists in the rest of the world. In the Jewish religion, Judaism is not only obtained through conversion but mainly through our mothers. According to Jewish Law, a baby boy or girl is Jewish because their mothers are, not their fathers. Therefore, it could be claimed that Haile Selassie was not Jewish because the Emperor of Ethiopia, Sheba, was not. On a contrary note, Meneliks mother, Sheba, was indeed Jewish according to genealogical lists from the book of Genesis. In this book, it states

The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society Free Essays

string(164) " on areas such as academic performance \* Increased probability of some diseases and disorders, such as obesity \* Social separation of singular human interaction\." Group research paper: The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society Technology and society or technology and culture refer to the recurring co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of technology and society upon the other (technology upon culture, and vice-versa) (Webster’s Dictionary 5060). There are an extraordinary number of examples how science and technology has helped us that can be seen in society today. One great example is the mobile phone. We will write a custom essay sample on The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ever since the invention of the telephone society was in need of a more portable device that they could use to talk to people. This high demand for a new product led to the invention of the mobile phone, which did, and still do, greatly influence society and the way people live their lives. Now many people are accessible to talk to whomever they want no matter where any of the two people are. All these little changes in mobile phones, like Internet access, are further examples of the cycle of co-production. Society’s need for being able to call on people and be available everywhere resulted in the research and development of mobile phones. They in turn influenced the way we live our lives. As the populace relies more and more on mobile phones, additional features were requested. This is also true with today’s modern media player. Society also determined the changes that were made to the previous generation media player that the manufactures developed. Take for example, today’s media players. At the beginning, cassettes were being used to store data. However, that method was large and cumbersome so the manufactures developed compact disks, which were smaller and could hold more data. Later, compact disks were again too large and did not hold enough data that forced today’s manufactures to create MP3 players, which are small and holds large amount of data. Today’s society determined the course of events that many manufactures took to improving their products so today’s consumers will purchase their products. Looking back into ancient history, economics can be said to have arrived on the scene when the occasional, spontaneous exchange of goods and services began to occur on a less occasional, less spontaneous basis. It probably did not take long for the maker of arrowheads to realize that he could probably do a lot better by concentrating on the making of arrowheads and barter for his other needs. Clearly, regardless of the goods and services bartered, some amount of technology was involved—if no more than in the making of shell and bead jewelry. Even the shaman’s potions and sacred objects can be said to have involved some technology. So, from the very beginnings, technology can be said to have spurred the development of more elaborate economies. In the modern world, superior technologies, resources, geography, and history give rise to robust economies; and in a well-functioning, robust economy, economic excess naturally flows into greater use of technology. Moreover, because technology is such an inseparable part of human society, especially in its economic aspects, funding sources for (new) technological endeavors are virtually illimitable. However, while in the beginning, technological investment involved little more than the time, efforts, and skills of one or a few men, today, such investment may involve the collective labor and skills of many millions. Technology has frequently been driven by the military, with many modern applications being developed for the military before being adapted for civilian use. However, this has always been a two-way flow, with industry often taking the lead in developing and adopting a technology that is only later adopted by the military. Winston (2003) provides an excellent summary of the ethical implications of technological development and deployment. He states there are four major ethical implications: – Challenges traditional ethical norms. Because technology impacts relationships among individuals, it challenges how individuals deal with each other, even in ethical ways. One example of this is challenging the definition of â€Å"human life† as embodied by debates in the areas of abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, etc. , which all involve modern technological developments. – Creates an aggregation of effects. One of the greatest problems with technology is that its detrimental effects are often small, but cumulative. Such is the case with the pollution from the burning of fossil fuels in automobiles. Each individual automobile creates a very small, almost negligible, amount of pollution, however the cumulative effect could possibly contribute to the global warming effect. Other examples include accumulations of chemical pollutants in the human body, urbanization effects on the environment, etc. A Lancaster dropping bundles of 4lb stick incendiaries (left), 30lb incendiaries and a â€Å"cookie† (right) – Changes the distribution of justice. In essence, those with technology tend to have higher access to justice systems. Or, justice is not distributed equally to those with technology versus those without. – Provides great power. Not only does technology amplify the ability, and hence the strength, of humans, it also provides a great strategic advantage to the human(s) who hold the greatest amount of technology. Consider the strategic advantage gained by having greater technological innovations in the military, pharmaceuticals, computers, etc. For example, Bill Gates has considerable influence (even outside of the computer industry) in the course of human affairs due to his successful implementation of computer technology. Lifestyle In many ways, technology simplifies life. * The rise of a leisure class * A more informed society,which can make quicker responses to events and trends * Sets the stage for more complex learning tasks * Increases multi-tasking (although this may not be simplifying) * Global networking * Creates denser social circles * Cheaper prices * Greater specialization in jobs In other ways, technology complicates life. Pollution is a serious problem in a technologically advanced society (from acid rain to Chernobyl and Bhopal) * The increase in transportation technology has brought congestion in some areas * New forms of danger existing as a consequence of new forms of technology, such as the first generation of nuclear reactors * New forms of entertainment, such as video games and internet access could h ave possible social effects on areas such as academic performance * Increased probability of some diseases and disorders, such as obesity * Social separation of singular human interaction. You read "The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society" in category "Papers" Technology has increased the need to talk to more people faster. * Structural unemployment * Anthropocentric climate change Institutions and groups Technology often enables organizational and bureaucratic group structures that otherwise and heretofore were simply not possible. Examples of this might include: * The rise of very large organizations: e. g. , governments, the military, health and social welfare institutions, supranational corporations. * The commercialization of leisure: sports events, products, etc. McGinn) * The almost instantaneous dispersal of information (especially news) and entertainment around the world. International Technology enables greater knowledge of international issues, values, and cultures. Due mostly to mass transportation and mass media, the world seems to be a much smaller place, due to the following, among others: * Globalization of ideas * Embeddings of values * Population growth and control Environment Technology provides an understanding, and an appreciation for the world around us. The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle. The more obvious effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and the added pollution of air, water, and land. The more subtle effects include debates over long-term effects (e. g. , global warming, deforestation, natural habitat destruction, coastal wetland loss. ) One of the main problems is the lack of an effective way to remove these pollutants on a large scale expediently. In nature, organisms â€Å"recycle† the wastes of other organisms, for example, plants produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, and oxygen-breathing organisms use oxygen to metabolize food, producing carbon dioxide as a by-product, which plants use in a process to make sugar, with oxygen as a waste in the first place. No such mechanism exists for the removal of technological wastes. Humanity at the moment may be compared to a colony of bacteria in a Petri dish with a constant food supply: with no way to remove the wastes of their metabolism, the bacteria eventually poison themselves. Spook Country† introduces us to the interesting world of information immersion through the eyes of Hollis Henry, a former rock band- Curfew’s musician and the lead character in the novel. She is confident and ambitious. She quit her band because she was not making enough money for living, so she decided to start her career as a journalist. She actually started writing when sh e was little, even before she became a rock band member. It was obvious that she had a passion for writing. Hollis’s job is very complicated, she has to untangle all the mysterious things and find out information for the Node magazine which does not really exist yet. Hollis searches for a strange container throughout the entire novel and when she finally finds it in the end, she discovers that the container is ultimately filled with U. S. Government Money, â€Å"One hundred million dollars. In a set of fake pallets, along the floor. About fourteen inches deep. Little over a ton of U. S. hundreds† (Gibson 337). This makes her become a possible target for a Chinese / Cuban group intent on tagging the money with Cesium. She starts in Los Angeles and ends up in Vancouver. Henry’s assignment is to interview locative art specialist Bobby Chombo, who took his last name from a computer program which, according to the Applied Numerical Algorithms Group, â€Å"provides a set of tools for implementing finite difference methods for the solution of partial differential equations on block-structured adaptively refined rectangular grids. † Bobby is a computer geek with a fascination for the intersection of virtual space and real space. He specializes in geospatial technologies. He got into locative art after a career working navigational systems for the US military, and uses his expertise to place works of art on a VR grid mapped over real cities and towns. In my opinion, Gibson’s story is not only about locative art and how weird our world is becoming: he also has the good graces to give us a spy story, which deals with the ubiquity of information in a different way. Agent Brown and his captive junkie Russian translator, Milgrim, are on the tail of a Cuban-Chinese Spetsnaz-trained ninja believed (rightly) by the US government to be smuggling information to an unknown entity for an unknown purpose. Brown relies on satellite information to track him, another nod to the ubiquity of information, and keeps Milgrim in the dark about his actual affiliation and intent. Milgrim experiences a big shock in his life as he boards a Jet stream to Vancouver. He looses his mind completely which has never happened to him before. Prior to boarding a Jet stream, he was excited to get his hair and makeup done in Washington, DC free by Brown’s attache. Later in the novel, Milgrim crashes car in an attempt to kill Tito but he manages to escape and steals Hollis Henry’s purse which contains five thousand dollares given to her by proxy from a dead band mate, heroin overdose, Jimmy Carlyle. After all these activities are over, Milgrim wakes up in a nice bed with a nice egg breakfast next to him. As a drug addict, he is very calm and focused on what he is doing. He works with Brown very closely, their relationship is more like Brown takes control of everything and gives orders to Milgrim. They work in New York in the beginning. Milgrim is a prisoner of the world of information. In â€Å"Spook Country,† Gibson’s use of these three characters together, lets the story of Tito, Brown and Milgrim, and Hollis build to a conclusion which amounts to a great big middle finger to the war in Iraq. Gibson has illustrated characters looking, literally, for their place in the world, and they have shown that the world we live in today did not turn out to be the futurist paradise we might have wanted, validating our inevitable escape into the digital. No flying cars, no magic pill hamburgers, and no pocket computers, but works of art that we can only see if we are wearing virtual reality goggles, standing on a particular street corner. Information is all around us, rather than a thing into which we insert ourselves. The topics that I researched were the â€Å"Santeria† religion, Ochun, the National Security Agency (NSA), and the term â€Å"Big Brother†. These topics were all related in the novel â€Å"Spook Country† by William Gibson. Technology played a big a part in the plot from robots to cell phones to computers. Information as commodity was also a major influence in this novel with the use of Ipods, newspapers, and surveillance cameras. The characters depended heavenly on all these items as tools of survival. I will discuss the history, the development, and impact among the â€Å"Santeria† religion, Ochun, the National Security Agency (NSA) and the term â€Å"Big Brother†. Santeria (also know as â€Å"La Regla Lucumi†) is a combination of the West African Yoruba religion and Catholicism. The Way of the Saints, Santeria or as the descendants of the Afro-Caribbean tradition in Cuba prefers to call it. Santeria rather overemphasizes the Catholic elements in the religion, which was essentially an African spiritual path, developed by their ancestors (www. african holocaust. net). They attempted to covert Africans but while they accepted the teaching they found it did not provide â€Å"religious fulfillment†. They continued to practice their own rituals which they found was useful and effective, most importantly, filled the spiritual void in their lives. It was brought to Cuba originally by the African slaves who were brought by the Spaniards to that island. Santeria believes in one creator, one All Mighty God – (Olorun Olodumare), who created the other â€Å"semi-gods† or entities called Orishas, to deal with every facet of human life a nature itself. They interceded in on our behalf just as the Catholic saints intercede. Although the African slaves were not allowed to express their religion freely they had to â€Å"disguise† their gods, with those of the slave owners (www. santeriaspells. com) below is a small list (marked with an asterisk) what are called the Seven African Powers: 1. Olodumare (God Almighty) 2. * Ellegua (Sant Anthony of Padua) 3. * Obatala (La Virgen de Las Mercedes) 4. * Yemaya (La Virgen de Regla) 5. * Chango (Santa Barbara) 6. * Oya (Santa Therese de Jesus) 7. * Ochun (Las Caridad del Cobre) 8. * Ogun (San Pedro) In the Santeria religion â€Å"Eleggua† is the keeper of the roads and the world. Eleggua is the gatekeeper that stands in the path of life and celestial grounds. Ellegua is an Orisha (spirit) associated with â€Å"opening the ways†, or crossroads. Often depicted as a child or a small man, he is playful and a trickster god. During the ceremonies worshippers would often have a â€Å"cement head† this is apart of the ritual: A cement head with a metal spike in the top, and cowrie shells for eyes and mouth, as a representation of Ellegua which receives offerings and protects in return (wikipedia. org). The â€Å"Babalu Aye† is the Orisha name for St. Lazarus it means â€Å"Father of the World† he is commonly referred to the Father of the World. His colors are brown, black and purple. His number is 17; his symbols are two dogs and crutches. He is portrayed dressed in burlap. He is offered white wine, popcorn, sesame seed candy and a variety of grains, beans, and seeds. Many Cubans hold a vigil starting the night of December 16th. They get together and light candles and make offerings to Babulu Aye and wait for him to arrive at midnight. Come midnight they ask for San Lazaro to watch over them nd keep them and their families safe and healthy. Today, December 17, is Babalu Aye day in the Afro-Cuban religion (www. babalublog. com). In Cuban Santeria, Oshun (sometimes spelled Ochun’ or Ochun) is the goddess of love, of money and indeed of happiness. She brings all the good things of life (www. angelfire. com). This goddess is adorned with jewelry she speaks to one o f her birds, the parrot. She is the goddess of sweet water, she is found near fresh water, at rivers, ponds, and especially waterfalls. Offerings are sometimes left at the waterfalls for her. Ochun loves to dance and make merry but she does have a serious side. Many offerings are sometimes left for her at the waterfalls. Many ceremonies are located at the river (www. angelfire. com). Her favorite day of the week is Saturday and the number she is associated with is 5 (wkipedia. org). It’s been known that she had to sell her body in order to feed her children and the other Orishas came and took her children away. Oshun went insane from heartache and became depress. She wore the same white dress everyday it turns yellow over time. A gentleman by the name of Aje’-Shaluga, another Orsiha, they fell in love while she was washing her dress. He supplied her with money, and gems that he gathered from the bottom of the river. They became married and she was reunited with her children again. Ochun has played a great role in Cuban history, revealing herself as the Virgin Mary to three copper miners caught in a storm at sea in the seventeenth century and also assisted Cuban soldiers, who sewed portraits of her in their uniforms, during the second war of independence in 1895. Ochun has been called La Virgin Mambisa, in commemoration of her fierceness in fighting for the independence of Cuba; Castro’s Movement the 26th of July used the colors red and black, which are the colors of Eleggua (www. african holocaust. net). This religion welcomes all doctors, lawyers, politicians, thieves and pimps. All those who seek the power to control their own lives and want to lead them in accord with the deepest parts of their beings are candidates for initiation into Santeria. This religion seems to be an open one that accepts all races there is no discrimination within this religion. Santeria is a religion of trance, mystery, possession, blood and sex. If you want to know more, go to the ceremonies, burn the candles and dance to the drums. Skin color or language is no barriers. The ancient gods will recognize their own (www. Moonweb/Santeria/Intor. html). The National Security Agency (NSA) was created in November 1952 provided United States decision makers and leaders for more than 50 years (The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA form 9/11 to the eavesdropping on America. ). The NSA is the largest, most secretive, and most powerful intelligence agency in the world. With a staff of thirty-eight thousand people, it dwarfs the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in budget, manpower, and influence (Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency). Cryptologists laid the foundation of the critical role of all major conflicts: â€Å"In 1956, the General Canine enlisted the help of an outside management firm to examine the agency’s problems. The consultants recommended a complete change. The repercussions, according to a later National Security Agency (NSA) report, lasted more than thirty years. Signals intelligence would be organized according to target-countries; China and Communist Asia; and so on. Each of the section would include specific disciplines, such as cryptanalysis and traffic analysis (42). On November 23, 1956, Ralph Canine walked out of National Security Agency for the last time as Director. A message from Howard Campaigme â€Å"I was surprised to learn later that the people above him didn’t think nearly as much [of him] as we did. Mr. Canine made a tremendous impression† (43). There efforts of the use of radio intercept, radio directional finding, and processing capabilities gave United States and its Allies a unique advantage in World War I. (www. nsa. gov/History. com). The use of the Radio intercept in the National Security Agency was a vital tool often used in tracking the location of planes, missiles and also served as a communication tool for the pilots. â€Å"For Years American intercept operators in Turkey had eavesdropped on Soviet radar installations as they tracked the occasional U-2 over flight. But because the spy planes flew far too high for either Russian MIG’s or their SA-2 surface-to-air missiles, they were out of harm’s way. It was like throwing a rock at a passing jetliner. This time, however, something was different; something was very wrong â€Å"He’s turning left! † the American heard a Soviet pilot shout. A few moments later the intercept operators watched the U-2 suddenly disappear from Russian radar screens near Sverdlovsk (49). The United States spends a lot of money to protect its National Security, in 2007 $572. 4 billion dollars on national defense. In 2004 $456 billion dollars was counted for. The total estimated budget for 2007 was $2. 7 trillion dollars. Most expensive components of National defense were the cost for development and testing new highly sophisticated military equipment such as: aircraft, ships, and submarines. Spending on Nat’l defense spiked during World War II. , reaching nearly 90% of the nations total outlays. (National Security: The Information Series on Current Topics). The National Security Agency is oversea of several federal agencies: – United States Department of Defense (DOD) United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) – Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) certain components After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks law makers quickly put together a new law designed to help the US fight the terrorist threat. The new law that was implemented was the Patriot Act which stands for: The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required Intercepting a nd Obstructing Terrorism (Terrorism- Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. The act consists of ten titles: Title I. – Enhancing Domestic Security against Terrorism (Terrorism- Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents). Title II. – Enhanced Surveillance Procedures, Title III. – International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-terrorist Financing Act of 2001, Title IV. – Protecting the boarder, Title V. – Removing Obstacles to Investigating Terrorism, Title VI. – Providing for Victims of Terrorism, Public Safety Officers, and Their Families, Title VII. Increased Information Sharing For Critical Infrastructure Protection Title VIII. – Strengthening the Criminal Laws against Terrorism, Title IX. – Improved Intelligence, T itle X. – Miscellaneous. One of the purposes of the act is to facilitate better cooperation and information sharing between government agencies, particularly between the IC and law enforcement agencies (National Security: The Information Series on Current Topics). In 2002 Congress and President George W. Bush created the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States to investigate all the circumstances relating to the terrorist attacks. This investigation resulted in â€Å"For nearly two years the commission reviewed relevant documents and interviewed more than one thousand people as part of its investigation. In 2004 their findings were published in the 9/11 Commission Report (National Security: The Information Series on Current Topics). The term â€Å"Big Brother† came from a fictional character in George Orwell’s novel: Nineteen Eighty-Four. The novel was about a dictator of Oceania, a totalitarian state take to its utmost logical consequence. This is where the ruling elite (The Party) wield total power for its own sake over the inhabitants. The term â€Å"Big Brother† is caused to refer to any ruler or government that invades the privacy of its citizens (www. barleby. com). Big Brother physical appearance is of Joseph Stalin or Lord Kitchener. His moustache is also similar to Adolf Hitler. After researching there was a lot of information that I learned about the â€Å"Santeria† religion, Ochun, the National Security Agency and the term â€Å"Big Brother†. I learned the history of the Santeria religion, the Seven African Powers, the gate keeper â€Å"Eleggua†, the Father of the World – â€Å"Babalu Aye†. I read about The National Security Agency development and its functions within the Agency. I also discovered the birth of the term â€Å"Big Brother† affect this term had on the government. After reading the novel â€Å"Spook Country† by William Gibson the topics that I can relate to are the National Security Agency and the term â€Å"Big Brother†. The event that affects me the most is the bombing of the â€Å"Twin Towers† on September 11. From this event security has increased in airports, on planes, trains, subway stations, buses, malls, schools and also inside Federal Government and other buildings. The term â€Å"Big Brother† is watching you are related also to today because of the September 11th terrorist attack, which brings this term to real life: â€Å"Someone is Watching You†. The National Security Agency has made it a top priority to keep the United States a safe and secured country for everyone. Work Cited Applied Numerical Algorithms Group. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California. 2007. 8 Nov. 2008 http://seesar. lbl. gov/anag/. Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency: From the Cold War through the Dawn of a New Century. New York: Doubleday, 2008. Becker, Ernest. The Structure of Evil. An Essay on the Unification of the Science of Man. New York: G. Braziller. 1968. Evans Masters, Kim. National Security: The Information Series on Current Topics. Wylie, Texas: Information Plus, 2007. Langone, John. National Geographic’s How Things Work: Everyday Technology Explained. Washington, D. C. : National Geographic Society, 1999. Technology, policy, ethics, and public health: a select bibliography Tavani, H. T. Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE Vol. 19, Issue 3 (2000): 26 – 34. How to cite The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society, Essays

Preliminary Design For Light Rail Framework †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Preliminary Design For Light Rail Framework. Answer: Introduction The light rail framework is designed for increasing the proficiency of transportation framework and diminish the movement clog in the city. The theoretical outline of the light rail structure has been planned and the points of interest of the system is examined for the advancement of the arrangement. The areas that are required to be covered using the LRT and the other infrastructure required for the support of the LRT is evaluated for completion of the tasks. The system development lifecycle model followed for the development of the infrastructure is evaluated and discussed in the report. The preliminary design is created for the development of the framework and attached with the report. The errors are resolved for optimizing the system and continue with the development of the framework (Dennis, Wixom Tegarden, 2015). The system development life cycle model is implemented for the development of the system and a project management schedule is required to be created for the management of the module and track the progress of the project for increasing the efficiency of the project development process. Preliminary design The preliminary design of the light rail framework consists of electric lines installed overhead, proper layout of the track to cover the important parts of the city and the model of the light rail transit framework. The track of the LRT framework is designed such that commuters feel a safe and easy journey with reduction in the vibration and jerks (Clarke, 2012). The motor used for running the engine of the LRT is required to be powerful such that the steeps and the cliffs can be easily traversed. The project of implementation of light rail transit can become a success if the preliminary design meets all the requirement of the city and provide benefit to the city. The tracks used for the LRT is required to be combined with the metro and the heavy rail track for dropping the cost of development and a proper management of the traffic is required to be applied such that lanes and the crossings are not blocked (Hanumantharaju, Ravishankar Rameshbabu, 2013). The overhead lines in the ci ty is required to be covered and power station is required to be deployed after a certain gap for relay of the power and supply the infrastructure with unlimited power. The speed of the light rail network is required to be controlled for different routes and gps tracking device can be installed in the light rails for getting all the real time update of the current location and the distance covered by the LRT. In the congested areas the tracks are required to be designed such that the road ways can be used for laying the track and sharing it with the other vehicles running on the roads. The noise of the motors is also required to be reduced with the use of proper insulation and keeping the cabin silent and improve the quality of the transportation (Cunha, Garis Riesco, 2015). The carrying capacity of the passengers is required to be increased with modification in the current design and the application of the system development lifecycle model can help in development of the framework with reducing the errors generated during the development of the system. A project is required to be developed after a preliminary investigation on the requirement for the development of a light rail transit network (Messersmith McIntosh, 2015). A system analysis is also required to be made for getting the problems associated with the development of the network. Then a system design is proposed including all the specification for the approval of the project. The system design should consist of all the features and specification that are required to be included in the project for making it a success. For the advancement of the project the next stage is reached on completion of the previous stage and the errors generated during the advancement of the project is required to be resolved for proceeding (Huda, Arya Khan, 2015). If an error is identified in the next stage of the development process the developer is required to return to the previous stage for the rectification of the error and proceeding with the rest of the project. Detailed design and development For the development of LRT for a city the background and objective of the project is required to be investigated and starting the construction of the building infrastructures such as the platforms and the bridges required for the deployment of the LRT. The current reality of the city traffic and the zones ought to enclose by the light rail network is also ought to consider for the development of the design (Rosen et al., 2012). The scope of improvement available and the structures that can be implemented for the reduction of the overall cost of the network can also added in the design for increasing the efficiency of the network. The methodology selected for the development of the light rail framework is ought to confirm and align with the development of the LRT framework. The preliminary design is required to be evaluated and life cycle cost of the preliminary design of the framework is also required to be considered for the development of the framework (Sharon Dori, 2015). The hig hway development and management of the light rail is required to be developed and the financial support available for the project is also considered and application of the road facility and design the stage for actual construction of the project. The post design stage and the cost analysis is required to be carried out and maintenance of the life cycle of the project (Vir Mann, 2013). Project management tool is required to be used for the creation of project schedule and monitor the system development lifecycle is required to be included in the development phase for development of the framework. The work breakdown structure is required to be created and the project is required to be developed according to it. The project manager is responsible to assign the resources to each of the activity incurred in the different phases of project development (Smith, 2015). The budget of the project can be calculated from the project schedule and proper estimation of the budget and in the pre design phase length of the track and the coverage area is required to be considered for estimation of the cost of layout of the track. In the post design phase an accurate analysis is required to be made and all the details of the network structure is required to be included fir increasing the accuracy of the calculation of the cost of the project (Valacich, George Hoffer, 2015). The maintenance cost is also required to be included in the post design analysis and repayment cost of the current structure, rehabilitation and replacement of the framework is also included in the maintenance cost (Sachdev a Sunita, 2015). The outline of the system is created covering the predesign stage and the post design phase for the completion of the detailed design development of the light rail transit framework. The development condition of the project depends on the availability of the workers and the support of the local community for the project enforcement. A system analysis is done on the current network of the light rail framework of the city and the improvement that can be made is added for implementation of the new design solution of the LRT (Sun Chao, 2013). The structure of the system is required to be subdivided into different categories for evaluation of the system and design the structure according to the requirement of the project. System test, evaluation validation and optimization A system testing is required to be performed on the current framework of the light rail transit and a system engineering approach is require to be applied on the testing methodology for planning of the steps required to be applied for testing the infrastructure. The planning is required to be illustrated for the creation of a proper design of the framework and test the system for evaluation of the capability of the light rail transit system (Hawkins et al., 2013). The key starting point of the project is required to be selected according to the system engineering approach and the top level performance of the project is required to be evaluated for meeting the requirement of the project. A test successor is required to be developed for the evaluation of the requirement. A cumulative update of the models is required to be estimated for the performing a post deployment test and increase the efficiency of the development of the system. The different models available for the deployment of the light rail framework is required to be evaluated for the evaluation of the current framework with the successful model (Moore, 2016). The challenges faced by the successful model is analyzed and compared with the available models for deploying it successfully and make the project a success. The validation of the project is required to be created after the comparing the project with the successful projects and a benchmark is required to be set for meeting the quality of the project and run the test according to it. The risk associated with the deployment of the system is required to be analyzed according to the framework and it is required to be optimized according to the cost and management of the project is also required to be considered for the completion of the project (Sun Chao, 2013). The failure modes and the effects of the analysis is also required to be managed for validation of the project and evaluation of the risk associated with the development of the project. Fuzzy logic can be applied and the data is required to be gathered for system testing. The application of the brainstorming methodology and qualitative and quantitative analysis can be applied for the development of the current framework of the organization. The risk of the project is required to be p rioritized based on the type and the input and the output of the system is also required to be controlled for controlling the process and testing the strategy of integration of the project. The uncertainty and the response of the system for the definition of the design and proposal of the infrastructure for analysis of the compatibility of the project (Soni Khaliq, 2015). The compliance of the parts used for the development of the framework and use of the service for analysis of the purpose and the framework of the project for the development of the project according to the system development life cycle model. Conclusion The application of the system development life cycle model in the development of the project is important for the success of the project. Different design methodology are analyzed for the preparation of the report and it can be concluded that without a proper methodology the LRT framework cannot be developed. A preliminary design is required to be created for the project and followed by a detailed design and documentation of the project. The detailed design comprised all the functionalities that are required to be added and the methodology that is ought to select for the progress of the project. The validation of the project is ought to select and the project is ought to test multiple times for the validation of the functionality of the project with the scope of the development. The project is essential to meet the objectives set for the success of the project. The project manager is obligatory to meet the use of different project management tools for the proper estimation of the bud get and the schedule of the project and monitor the progress of the project according to the requirement. The system is required to be tested according to the created schedule and the budget of the project is also required to be evaluated for the development of the project. References Clarke, S. (2012). Information systems strategic management: An integrated approach. Routledge. Cunha, A., Garis, A., Riesco, D. (2015). Translating between Alloy specifications and UML class diagrams annotated with OCL. Software Systems Modeling, 14(1), 5-25. Dennis, A., Wixom, B. H., Tegarden, D. (2015).Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley Sons. Hanumantharaju, M. C., Ravishankar, M., Rameshbabu, D. R. (2013). Design of Novel Algorithm and Architecture for Gaussian Based Color Image Enhancement System for Real Time Applications. In Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (pp. 595-608). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau?Bettez, G., Strmman, A. H. (2013). Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17(1), 53-64. Huda, M., Arya, Y. D. S., Khan, M. H. (2015). Quantifying Reusability of Object Oriented Design: A Testability Perspective.Journal of Software Engineering and Applications,8(4), 175. Light rail | Light Rail Now. (2016). Lightrailnow.wordpress.com. Retrieved 3 October 2017, from https://lightrailnow.wordpress.com/tag/light-rail/ Messersmith, C., McIntosh, B. (2015). Capturing Bad Design Practices in Object-Oriented Code. Moore, F. (2016). Peo Life Cycle Cost Accountability: Viability Of Foreign Suppliers For Weapon System Development. Air War College Maxwell Air Force Base. Rosen, M., Lublinsky, B., Smith, K. T., Balcer, M. J. (2012). Applied SOA: service-oriented architecture and design strategies. John Wiley Sons. Sachdeva, A., Sunita, M. (2015). An Empirical and Analytical View of New Inheritance Metric for Object-Oriented Design. Sharon, A., Dori, D. (2015). A ProjectProduct ModelBased Approach to Planning Work Breakdown Structures of Complex System Projects. IEEE Systems Journal, 9(2), 366-376. Smith, B. (2015). Object-Oriented Design A Revisit. InAdvanced ActionScript 3(pp. 357-371). Apress. Soni, N., Khaliq, M. (2015). Maintainability estimation of object-oriented software: Design phase perspective.Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng,4(3), 538-542. Sun, S. P., Chao, W. S. (2013). An Architecture-Oriented Design Method For Gaming Business Administration Systems. In C], Asia Pacific Conference on Gambling Commercial Gaming Research (APCG2013), Taiwan. Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., Hoffer, J. A. (2015). Essentials of systems analysis and design. Pearson Education. Vir, R., Mann, P. S. (2013). A hybrid approach for the prediction of fault proneness in object oriented design using fuzzy logic.journal of academia and industrial research, 661-666.

The influence of news media on the outcome of the 2008 US presidential elections

Introduction The media has become one of the most used tools of influence in many democratic processes to inspire the public and dictate the behavior of candidates and voters.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The influence of news media on the outcome of the 2008 US presidential elections specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Studies indicate that the media has been a reliable source of information that has provided citizens with information they require in order to make independent and well informed decisions especially on matters of political democracy and choice of leadership. However Kramer points out that in the 2008 general election campaigns for presidential and primary nominations positions in the United States of America proved that the media today has shifted from being mere custodian of facts they were once known to be, to purveyors of misinformation and unbalanced media coverage (208). As this paper examin es, the media did not just heighten campaign knowledge among the American public. It also played a major role in influencing the outcome of the United States general elections in 2008. It is on this front that this paper intrinsically evaluates the United States 2008 election campaigns, analyses the candidates’ use of media during the campaign processes and the role of media in influencing election results. The media and the US presidential candidates in 2008 Bignon and  Miscio indicate that the 2008 presidential general elections saw significant criticisms leveled against the media for their predisposition in presidential and primary candidates’ coverage (385). An example of criticism was that which was leveled against the NBC News by Tim Russert in which the questions that Obama and Hilary were asked were disproportionate in the sense that Hilary, the then democratic presidential contender received very tough questions while Obama’s questions were simpler. S ome of the harassing questions during that news interview included those asking Hilary to provide the name of the newly elected Russian president, and whether she supported the move to have illegal immigrants given driver’s license. As a matter of fact, this was seemingly an open bias against the female candidate. Worse still, it may have portrayed a negative image of Hillary as a leader who is not sharp enough in terms of the on-going global politics. Reports from Pew Research Centre in US provide an in-depth profile on the role of media influence and indicate that during the 2008 presidential campaigns, many journalists and media outlets were bent on seeing that Barrack Obama won the election (Robbins 52).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Certain opinion polls also indicate that Obama had a strong support of about 70% registered voters compared to John McCain†™s 9% (Dubriwny 507). Similar reports analyzing media influence pilloried on the role of media in 2008, and posit that media coverage in terms of news was unfair since its coverage for McCain was 30% while that for Obama was 67% (Dubriwny 507). Figure 1: Figure showing media coverage for different candidates Source:  An FAQ for the 2008 US Presidential Election. Web. Media Coverage of female candidates Evidences of sexism and gender bias in media coverage of the 2008 presidential media coverage The 2008 general elections in the US was marked by massive sexism and gender bias for female contestants at both primary and presidential levels. Of major importance were Sarah Palin and Hilary Clinton who were massively impacted on by apparent double standards measures in media coverage. Most of the statements and questions they raised and which deserved coverage did not receive equal coverage as that of their fellow male candidates. Bignon and  Miscio note that this immensely reflect ed the perception that the media and a section of individuals in the society had on the female gender (387). Indeed, had the media been fair and balanced in their coverage of both male and female gender campaigns, the female candidates would have garnered substantial votes. Sexism and gender discrimination in Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton’s campaigns In his publication, Kramer points out that gender discrimination and sexism on Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton’s campaigns by the media began taking effect especially for Palin when announcements came that she would be the vice president to John McCain, and would be running on a presidential ticket as the first republican female (208).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The influence of news media on the outcome of the 2008 US presidential elections specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What followed her selection as a running mate were brand naming reports from media outlets calling her ‘former beauty queen’ seeking candidacy (Robbins 53). Well, while one might not feel the impact of the labels given to her, the truth of the matter was that Palin was just more than a beauty queen. She was and still is a competent woman who had rights to compete fairly with other candidates and who possessed unique leadership skills. Figure 2: Figure showing media coverage for candidates Source:  Norvig. Trends. Web. Certain critiques of conventions indicate that the media represented Hilary Clinton as a woman who did not carry some weight in politics citing that she was going for leadership position to represent herself. In disagreement with the position the media took, it is imperative to point out that by discriminating against these women, the media undermined the important ideals of feminism and sent forth resilient and piquant messages through their actions that women could not take part in male dominated politics. Denying women candidates equal media coverage was moronic and equaled to telling all women in the US that they do not deserve to vote. Analysts indicate that media sexism was heightened against both Hilary and Palin’s 2008 campaign through media double standards in coverage (Robbins 50). They were given little time for debates and most issues that they raised were not adequately reported as compared to those of their opponents. Figure 3: A table showing media coverage for candidate debatesAdvertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, Ross explains that McCain strategy sought to reach out to women by selecting Sarah Palin as his running mate (180). This strategy was deemed to fill the gap left by the democrats’ choice of the seemingly ‘unpopular’ Obama as opposed to Hilary Clinton who was the expectations of many. However, Palin became a center of attacks by major celebrities, media and even youths who were fast becoming polarized towards Obama wave. Media used to present candidates to voters Television use Babad and Peer refer to TV as the best interface that was used in the 2008 general elections as it linked the public with their candidates (57). Besides, candidates used the television to present their views and ideas to the public. It equally gave them the necessary high profile analysis of their agendas and progress as the voting day drew nearer. It is this popularity that that saw the use of media such as newspapers decline as a persuasive tool. However, unlike other previous c ampaigns, the 2008 campaigns saw great media bias in television coverage of candidates, and which influenced voters to vote for particular candidates. Even though presidential candidates massively used TV media to carry out their campaigns and debate on issues, their coverage was disproportionate and cases of sexism and discrimination against women candidates were rampant. Figure 4: Presidential candidates’ debate and their viewers Use of newspapers Ross argues that though newspapers use as a medium for presenting the candidates has declined over time, it remained a key source of gathering conclusive analysis of the 2008 candidates and their diverse policies (180). It played an effective role especially for the older conservative generations as opposed to the youths who were more to the television and internet. However, there were allegations that newspapers published reports that potentially biased and which to certain degrees influenced voters to vote for candidates (Robbi ns 54). Of importance were endorsements from right leaning newspapers for republican candidates and left-leaning newspapers for democratic candidates. Figure 5: A graph representing newspaper endorsements for candidates Source:  Political Newspaper Endorsements: History and Outcome. Web. Bignon and  Miscio point out that in the American history, newspaper endorsement for presidential and primary candidates has been commonplace for more than a century and has greatly influenced election outcomes (389). Until 2008, overwhelming support and endorsements from newspaper editorial pages favored almost all republican presidenltial candidates with a few balancing out to reach out for that democrats candidates. Reports indicate that republicans enjoyed newspaper endorsements of up to 84% from 1972-88 with extreem instances being 90% when Richard Nixon won against Senator George McGovern (Dubriwny 507). Bill Clointon also received editorial nods in 1992 as a democrat. In 2008, editiroria l support for Obama was higher than that for the republicans and played a major role in influencing the outcomes. Figure 6: A graph representing percentage endorsement of republican and democratic candidates Source:  Political Newspaper Endorsements: History and Outcome. Web. Though the Obama’s landslide win of the 2008 election has been interpreted differently by analysts, there is seen to be concurrence in certain aspects. One such facet as Kramer credits is the high level of energized media involvement that was used to reach more people in all states (208). In concurrence with Kramer’s argument, Babad and Peer explain that Obama managed to maintain a solid touch with youths who form the majority in the nation through modern technology and great media coverage co pared to that of the opposing candidate (57). Besides, he increased his spending on television adverts and raising personnel to link millions through phone messaging, social networking and blogging. Concl usions It is from the above discussion that this paper concludes by supporting the thesis statement, ‘The media has become one of the most used tools of influence in many democratic processes to inspire the public and dictate the behavior of candidates and voters.’ The year 2008 campaigns presented a major turning point in the US history by factoring strongly on the need for effective media influence between candidates and their voters. It can be said, that the key reason for the presidential and primary candidates successes was to a certain degree media influence which not only managed to cover their races as libertarian factors, but effectively brought out their policies, created a space for every one, solidified identity won the loyalty of voters for democrats as well as republicans. Being the new media culture, it is important to point out that future candidates should therefore use the media as the main campaign tool in anchoring their support at the grassroots and national levels. Works Cited Babad,  Elisha Peer, Eyal.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Media bias in interviewers’ nonverbal behavior: potential remedies, attitude similarity and meta-analysis†. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,  34.1  (2010):  57. Print. Bignon,  Vincent   Miscio, Antonio.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Media bias in financial newspapers: evidence from early twentieth-century France†.  European Review of Economic History, 14.3  (2010):  383-432.  Print. Dubriwny,  Tasha.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Women for president: media bias in eight campaigns†.   Rhetoric Public Affairs:  special issue on Lincoln’s rhetorical worlds  13.3  (2010):  507-510. Print. Kramer,  Michael. Electing the president 2008: the insiders’ view.   Presidential Studies Quarterly,  41.1  (2011):  207-209. Print. Robbins,  James.  An old, old story: misreading tet, again.  World Affairs,  173.3  (2010):  49-58. Print. Ross,  Felecia.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Media bias, pers pective, and state repression: The Black Panther Party†.   Journalism History,  36.3  (2010):  180-181.Print. This report on The influence of news media on the outcome of the 2008 US presidential elections was written and submitted by user Luciano Mullins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lifestyle in the Suburbs

Lifestyle in the Suburbs Introduction Suburban is an area that lies right away form the city or a town. This idea of suburban living came as a result of the need to change from models with high density housing to low density housing. The new homes that were built were spacious with a lawn or a garden and were adapted by many people who could afford them. The choice of living in the suburbs came with an assortment of reasons ranging from high rates of crime, traffic, noise and busy environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lifestyle in the Suburbs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The environment was also known to be safer for bringing up children. The necessity for quality life, health and well being, safety and better lifestyle called the individuals to work harder so as to triumph over the higher cost that came with it. The preference of living in the suburbs kept one away from environmental pollution such as noise and garbage while givi ng a tranquil place of residence. This essay will discuss lifestyle in the suburbs and the effort that a person must incur to sustain his cost of living. History of Suburban living 18th and early 19th century marked a revolution of many villages and markets as they grew into industrial cities. The growth resulted from industrialization. Initially, there were no building regulations and this made these cities to be dirty without clean sanitary facilities and high populations. In the late 19th Century the government introduced laws in public health which supervised sewage and sanitation. Living in cities was therefore a result of many economic opportunities in the cities compared to the rural areas. Most people in suburban areas were ready to spend more and dig deeper in their pockets, about 47% of their income, to maintain housing and transportation (Kim, 2011, p. 1). Maintenance Cost of Suburban Living It is more expensive to maintain suburban infrastructure development. This is bec ause the cost sharing is between fewer people than in urban areas where higher population shares the cost in paying taxes. Though the cost of buying a house in the suburbs is lower than in the urban, maintenance is expensive. The cost of transport in the suburbs is pricey. Without a car in the suburbs, it is quite troublesome to move about. Personal ownership of a car is therefore compulsory for living in the suburban areas. The cost of moving to and fro is escalated because of driving to work daily. Though the expenses within the house are lower, e.g. the electricity bills and water bills maintenance of the home is highly affected by the use of automobile. A person must travel to work, drive children to school, go for shopping or any other travelling because of unavailability of public means. Safeguarding this car is in addition very expensive. Insurance, maintenance, repairs, gasoline and license fees add more to the cost of this car. This is costly especially for the middle and l ow income. Parking fee for the car is also is another expense that drains ones income.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of Living in the suburban’s The cost of oil rises as the demand of the oil rises. People living in the suburban areas require auto mobiles for their transport. The average is that each family needs a car for convenience. The growth of the suburban domino effect is the demand of oil hence raises the price of the oil. Climate changes as the automobiles emit carbon dioxide which is not absorbed in the air. CO2 leads to rise in temperature (Shaik, 2010, p. 1). Suburban settlement reduces social interactions. Living in the suburbans encouraged privacy and most neighbors became strangers to each other. This caused separation of communities on foundation of their economic status. This was what caused North America to segregate. The effect of se gregation makes the people to be unable to accommodate each other since the society in the suburban rarely share experiences, talents and their way of thinking. This discourages social sustainability (Shaik, 2010, p. 1). Suburban settlement decreases the efficiency of energy use. This is a consequence of using automobiles which increases in number and the distance covered. The people in these areas hardly walk or ride bicycles while traveling, methods which could save a lot of energy (Urbanity, n.d., p. 1). The suburban system brings discrimination to the poor, the elderly and the children. The poor are alienated from the luxurious homes since they cannot afford to purchase their own cars. The elderly people on their second retirement are only allowed to stay in a retirement community and such experience of traveling about is denied to them. Most children of the rich people who live in the suburban areas are able to attend events such as parties and games. So the best social places for children are for those with good economic backgrounds. The high cost is afforded by the children of the rich parents (Urbanity, n.d, 1). Appropriate Technology Appropriate technology is almost compulsory to those living in the suburban areas. There tends to be great dependency on comprehensive technology. The positive side of it is that the suburban people provide meaningful employment to technology companies. High technology applications are often found in the areas of the rich. The cost of living continues to be high in the suburbs. The sustainability cost is higher when there is no sharing of the cost (Wicklein Kachmar, n.d., p. 1). There is more need to have tight security in the suburban. This makes it obligatory to have a security guard as well as technological security systems in the home such as CCTV cameras. Most homes in the suburban have a guide.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lifestyle in the Suburbs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benefits of Suburban Living Suburban residents are at a lower risk of health problems than those living in the urban. The congestion in urban areas can encourage a quick spread of diseases. In Most places, the poor live around their work place whereas the rich live outside the cities in places without pollution. The design of houses in cities is mostly to maximize the number of people living in a particular area. Important life commodities such as water and privacy become scarce and this is a cause of many health problems such as tuberculosis at times in the urban depending on the country in question. Recommendations The main aim of these recommendations is to lower the scale of expenses that come as a result of maintenance fee as well as to bridge the social gap that is created by suburban settlement. The suburban developers should create variety of housing and transportation choices. This is by considering different economic classes from high in come earners without discriminating them. The employers should also encourage their employees to telecommute so as to reduce travelling expenses as well as to reduce the traffic (Goodson, 2001, p. 1). Conclusion Suburban living is a choice which is made by people in need of a better environment in terms of pollution, health, security and comfort. This comes with a higher cost of living and mostly segregates the rich from the poor. Maintenance cost of a home in the suburban is quite expensive. Automobiles are the major escalators of the living cost. Security, technology and taxes are also factors that increase the cost of living in the suburban. The suburban lifestyle discourages social interactions and has a high dependence on automobiles which promote inefficient energy use as well as increasing the demand of gasoline which makes it expensive. The developers of these areas should create housing and transport choices so as to incorporate many people by lowering the cost. References Goodson, D. (2009) Suburban housing: a cheaper alternative? Web.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kim, J. (2011) The costs of urban vs. suburban living. Web. Shaik, A. (2010) Suburban Placemaking. Web. Urbanity. (n.d.) Problems with Automobile Dependency. Web. Wicklein, R. C. Kachmar, C. J., (n. d.) Philosophical Rationale for Appropriate Technology. Web.

Internship SWOT analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internship SWOT analysis paper - Essay Example One of the key strengths within the sales and marketing department is the strong marketing team that employs the digital tools of marketing. As a result, the company has benefited from an expansive market segment resulting to high sales. As the result of the increased revenue, the company has been able to expand its operations in the local markets. Similarly, the experienced marketing managers within the sales department have effectively handled all the issues ranging from employees welfare to customer complaints. In turn, there has been a strong positive relationship between the workers and their team leaders. However, there has been no adequate training of the sales executives a fact that has been noted as one of the weaknesses of this department (Hill and Westbrook, 1997). Within the Finance and Accounting department, the company employs computerized accounting packages including the QuickBooks and Sage. As a result, paper work within the department has greatly been reduced. Based on the haste and effectiveness of the modern accounting systems that the department has employed, it has been possible to easily compute the sales executive’s commissions and deductions. A notable weakness of the Finance and Accounting department is that very few employees know how to use the accounting packages they are using. As a result, during the days when the accounting package users are not at work, the company operations are negatively affected. One of the major strengths in the management section is the experienced and motivated human resources. Having worked in well known fashion companies in US including Acushnet Company, American Eagle Outfitters and The North Face, the management team has gained adequate experience that it uses to streamline the activities of BB Company. However, the management failure to involve the employees in decision making process and lack of regular workers evaluation are notable weaknesses within the department of management. This has

Diagnosis and Assessment week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diagnosis and Assessment week 1 - Essay Example As an example, in statistics, an abnormality may be the deviation from the average or the majority of other distributions. Intelligence is another area where there is a normal distribution of IQ scores, and then there are standard deviations that are higher or lower than the norm which can show an individual as genius (higher) or mentally retarded (lower). (Dewey, 2010). Society is structured with certain rules and controls that give people an understanding of normal. Normal in this situation is what the majority sees or does. People are expected to follow the rules and those who do not follow these rules are seen as abnormal. In other words, anything that goes against what is considered to be normal by the majority is considered abnormal. The DSM-IV-TR (2000) describes mental disorders rather than saying what is abnormal. They make a distinction between mental disorders and general medical conditions. The general medical condition is defined as any condition that is not a mental condition (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2000). They suggest that "no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of mental disorder" (p. xxx). The APA also defines a mental disorder as a "clinically significant behavior or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress" (APA, p. xxxi). The challenge in using these definitions as a way to assess clients is that clients are labeled by these definitions. For insurance purpose, the counselor must be able to make some sort of diagnosis, but in giving an abnormal diagnosis, the client receives a label that may stay with them the rest of their lives. Designating a client as normal can also create problems because the idea of normal is different for different people. Culture brings another issue to this discussion because cultures have traditions and/or customs

Impact Of Crime On Jamaicas Economy

Impact Of Crime On Jamaicas Economy An economic problem that Jamaica faces as a country is Crime. Crime may be defined as an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law. For many decades Jamaica has been plagued with crime and violence. This has been a major concern of the nation and the Government since the mid -1970s. In January of 2012, Jamaicas murder rate was over 20% higher than in the same period of 2011. The Government has made numerous attempts to decrease the rate of crime but these measures have been short term. The Governments ultimate plan was to increase Police mobility and firepower but this has proven futile as Police are understaffed, corrupt, and ineffective and the cost is unsustainable. Jamaicas population is estimated at approximately 2.7 million people. The number of murders and other violence causes Jamaica to have one of the highest crime rates in the world. Police statistics in Jamaica has shown that since the year 1999 Jamaicas crime rate has steadily risen. In 2005, according to International statistics, Jamaica was the Murder capital of the World. There has been tremendous increase in the rate of homicides and shootings, illegal drugs, arms and ammunition, rape and carnal abuse which continues to negatively impact the countrys social and economic growth. Crime can be attributed to several factors namely: weak family structure, poverty, income inequality, unemployment and lack of opportunity. According to Lewis (2010), Jamaica is experiencing a G-culture challenge which is characterized by a hazardous combination of guns, gangs, grand money and girls to which Jamaican men gravitate. Bunting stated, The estimated cost of crime has been 67 to 90 per cent of Jamaicas gross domestic product over the last 40 years (jamaicaobserver.com, Business Reduced crime leads to better economy, Bunting June 17, 2012). The purpose of this research is to investigate the causes and effects of crime and recommend economic concepts that could be employed to correct this problem in Jamaica. A Review of Literature Types of Crime Violent Crime Violent crimes may be defined as offenses that involve the use of force or injury to the body of another person. The seriousness of a violent crime is usually determined by the degree of physical harm caused to the victim (LaMance, 2011). Jamaica has an above average violent crime rate in the world. From the period 1989 to 2009 Jamaica saw a rise in organized crime and a subculture of violence. Since the arrest and extradition of Christopher Dudus Coke in June 2010 there has been a significant decrease in the murder rate and other crimes across the country. Recent crime statistics have shown that Jamaicas crime rate has decreased by 80 percent. However, crime is still an issue as the country continues to be affected by it. Jamaica is plagued with robbery, gang violence, domestic violence, rape and carnal abuse. Rape and carnal abuse is rapidly increasing. Mostly females are the victims. There has been a recent incident in Montego Bay, St. James where five women including three girls below 18 were brutally raped. Police statistics have shown a 100 percent increase in the number of rapes reported in Clarendon, 58 percent increase in St. Catherine, 43 percent in Manchester, 40 percent in Trelawny and 33 percent in other communities across Jamaica. According to statistics for the period January to September 2012, a total of 626 rape cases were reported while for that same period 2011, 595 cases were reports, this depicts a 5 percent increase. REPORTED CHILD ABUSE CASES JAN JUN 2012 Sexual abuse 1402 Physical abuse 1201 Trafficking 2 Of the sexual abuse cases mentioned above 92.9 per cent of the victims were girls. The above data is from the Office of the Childrens Registry (OCR). Types of Crime Nonviolent Crime Non-violent crimes may be defined as crimes that do not involve the use of any force or injury to another person. The seriousness of a non-violent crime is usually measured in terms of economic damage or loss to the victim (LaMance, 2011). Common non-violent crimes affecting Jamaicas economy are: theft, bribery, drug related crimes, corruption and fraud more so the infamous Lottery Scam. The lottery scam is smearing the countrys reputation internationally. It deters foreign investors Lottery scam inflows may be Jamaicas third largest foreign exchange earner. Income from defrauding persons overseas only follows remittances and tourism earnings, if estimates of US$300 million a year are true. The fraudulent activity was listed among the highest threats to Jamaica in the national security policy published by the Cabinet for public comment last Friday. Read more: http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/The-high-cost-of-crime_12370259#ixzz2DS3ouLjm Nonviolent crimes have a greater impact on the countrys international reputation. Crime Factors Weak Family Structures In Jamaica there is a vast amount of children with absent fathers. Growing up without a father or male figure as a role model is very difficult for children, especially boys. There are too many neglected, unloved and uncared for children especially in the inner cities, many of which can be seen wandering on the streets and left to the mercy of perpetrators. Mothers are left to raise their children by themselves, the fathers are never around. Often times these mothers are teenage girls or under twenty five (25) years of age who lack experience and need guidance themselves. Boyne stated, A recent study of Caribbean youth found that only 9 per cent grew up with a father, and when step-fathers were factored in, the percentage grew to only 13 per cent. So a large percentage of Jamaican youth are growing up without their fathers. This has grave economic and social consequences for society, Boyne, I. (2005, November 20). Closing Jamaicas crime factories. Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved November 01, 2012, from http:www.jamaica-gleaner.com. In Jamaica society, fatherless children are at a disadvantage as they face more struggles to achieve success in their lives both personally and academically. They lack the sense of the most basic social norms and behaviours. These children become the raw materials of crime in Jamaica as they usually form gangs and engage in criminal acts due to lack of proper guidance and stability. Children from broken homes are far more likely to commit crimes than those from stable families. Many research studies support the theory that weak family structure correlates with delinquency. The family is the foundation of human society. Crime Factors Poverty There is a direct link between poverty and crime as they usually go hand in hand. Crime exists everywhere in Jamaica and among all people. However, where there are high poverty levels the rate of crime is significantly high. Poverty causes hunger, when impoverished people are hungry they engage in acts of stealing or robbery to acquire what they need as they lack legitimate means to attain them. The lack of independence which comes with economic hardship makes the poor more likely to commit crime (Harriot, 2001). Young people especially in the inner cities are more likely to get involved in drug dealing and gangs as they feel there is no other way out of their impoverished state. Jamaicas poverty level is unacceptably high. According to CIA World Fact book, 16.5% of the countrys population is living below the poverty line (2010 est.); this would be equivalent to approximately 462,000 people who are unable to meet their basic needs. In addition, the IMF report states that 1.1 million Jamaicans are living in poverty and earning less than US$2.50 per day. A combination of Poverty and crime equals: people benefiting from criminally generated income. People in poverty are more likely to get arrested. Crime Factors Income Inequality Income inequality makes it difficult for the poor to survive and on a wider scale it lowers the economic growth of Jamaica. When income inequalities are high, crime is equally high as it is a major determinant of crime. When the poor feel inferior to the rich it causes serious social tensions to increase hence decreasing the opportunity cost of crime. Consequently, as the income distribution gets more unequal, the gap between the benefits and costs of crime widens and thus the incentive for crime becomes higher (Becker, 1968). Three major ecological theories that fit to the conception that inequality increases crime rates are: Beckers economic theory of crime, Mertons strain theory and Shaw MacKays social disorganization theory. According to Beckers framework, areas of high inequality, i.e. those areas where very poor and very rich coexist; the rational criminals motivation is stimulated by the inequality. Mertons theory argues that when faced with the relative success of others around them, unsuccessful individuals feel frustration at their situation. The greater the inequality is, the greater the inducement for low status individuals to commit crime. The motivation to commit crime is not solely drawn from the expected economic benefits, but from social disgruntlement and dissatisfaction (Kelly, 2000). Crime Factors Unemployment Lack of Opportunity Jamaica faces great challenges with high rate of unemployment and underemployment. Unemployment creates an environment where parents cannot provide a good education, a comfortable home and healthy meals for their children. These children become economically and socially lacking. On a broader scale this also increases the countrys illiteracy rate due to high percentage of uneducated children. More than likely they will become criminals as they see no other option for future fulfilment. Youth going to work or school tends to reduce the probability of being involved in criminal activities (Tauchen and Witte, 1994). When people are unemployed they tend to be more hostile, angry and jealous this creates social dismantling and crime. It can be concluded that unemployment and crime are closely related. According to CIA World Factbook, Jamaicas unemployment rate was 12.7% in 2011 and 12.4% in 2010. This reflects an increase by .3%. In comparison to other countries Jamaica is presently ranked at sixty nine (69) with an unemployment rate of 12.7%. The unemployment rate in Jamaica is approximately 14.3% with youth unemployment significantly high (World Bank, 2012). Lack of Opportunity Job opportunities in Jamaica are limited. Too many persons have spent enormous amount of money to send themselves to Colleges and Universities and are unemployed or underemployed due to the lack of job opportunities. There are too many children graduating from High School without a skill or qualification. They end up at a dead zone because the society lacks the appropriate training facilities. Cost of crime on the Jamaican economy Crime has a negative impact on Jamaicas economic growth. The cost of crime is very high and the effects are both monetary and non monetary. At present, Jamaicas debt is estimated at 139.7% of GDP (World Bank, 2012) which is equivalent to a current debt stock of J$1.7 trillion (Global Competitiveness Report, 2011-2012). Crime affects: economy, tourism, cost of doing business and foreign investment. The non monetary effects of crime are: trauma, emotional and social break down, suffering and death. A study of the effects of crime carried out in Jamaican neighborhoods found out that resident of inner-city neighborhoods suffer from what is called area stigma. Based on where they live, these persons are stereotyped to be associated with criminals this makes it difficult for them to find employment. The study also made emphasis on the intangible effects of violence on a person socially, indicating that violence destroys social relationships increasing levels of tension. Due to the high rate of crime and violence in inner-city areas of Jamaica, residents are afraid to leave their homes and socialize less often with friends and family who live elsewhere (Moser and Holland 1997). Economy Crime slows the growth of the economy and decreases the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. According to CIA World Factbook, since the year 2008 Jamaica has not seen any marginal growth; 2008 showed a decrease by -0.6%, -3.1% in 2009, -1.4% in 2010 and 1.5% increase in 2011. Jamaica, in comparison to other countries is ranked at one hundred and seventy (170) out of countries with a GDP rate of 1.5%. A report by the World Bank (2008) indicated that a reduction in Jamaicas crime rate would increase the GDP growth by 5.4% yearly. Based on a study by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2012) confirmed that Jamaica has the highest number of youths convicted of crime in the Caribbean. Every year Jamaica spends more than US$529 million to fight youth crime, which includes public and private cost. The report also states that crime in Jamaica by youth is costing the country approximately 3.21 % of GDP. According to the World Bank, crime costs the medical sector approximately US$29.5 million per year. Tourism Most of Jamaicas revenue comes from tourism which accounts for 10% of the countrys GDP. High crime rates negatively impacts the arrival of tourists in Jamaica. As a result, tourists are reluctant to visit Jamaica and therefore choose other destinations as they are concerned about their safety. This dampens the sectors economic growth which inevitably affects Jamaica on a macroeconomic level. In 2004, the tourism minister of Jamaica said that, the countrys unprecedented crime rate was threatening to hamper the tourism industry by scaring away visitors and hurting investment (Associated Press, 2004). A study by Dunn argued that, of popular perceptions of those working in the tourism industry found that crime and violence were perceived as the main problem afflicting the tourism industry (Dunn and Dunn, 2002). In another theory, tourists that visit Jamaica are unwilling to leave the confinements of their Hotels as they fear being harassed, robbed, or even kidnapped. This impacts the tourist experience, Jamaicas paradise image and hurt local businesses (especially craft vendors). Harriot (2000) argued that: Crime control has become a central development issue and an important public policy concern in most Caribbean territories. These tourism dependent economies have become more vulnerable to violent crime, yet more crimogenic. In the case of Jamaica (which is perhaps the most problematic), the high rates of violent crime and insecurity among all segments of the population are matched by declining public confidence in the criminal justice system and growing cynicism among its functionaries. Cost of doing business in Jamaica According to the Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013, Jamaicas competitive rating was ranked at 141 out of 144 countries which measures 12 criteria, and Jamaica performed the worst in the category of macroeconomic performance and business cost of crime and violence. High crime rate results in: An increase in security costs because of the need to acquire more security personnel and systems. Loss of business due to theft and extortion, etc. Discouraging investors from investing or developing a business. Reduction in productivity and thus revenue due to early business closure or shortened hours of operation in crime prone areas. Reduction in output from the labour force due to injury or worst death of a worker. Permanent closure or relocation of a business to an area that is less prone to crime. Loss of Foreign Investment Investment is a major contributing factor to GDP because it aids in increasing production in an economy. Crime discourages investors both local and foreign. A decline in the level of investment decreases the GDP of the country and thus its economic growth. Jamaicas crime level has dampened investors confidence in investing in the country. According to the National Security Policy for Jamaica published by the Government of Jamaica, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is affected as a result of the increased cost of security, insurance, capital, and recurrent costs in addition to other costs that may be specific to each business. Recommendation In an effort to fight and possibly correct Jamaicas crime problem, the following recommendations are proposed: It commended the Jamaican Government for the programmes implemented to provide inner-city community infrastructure and services for the poor, including measures to promote short-term conflict mitigation and resolution, as well as medium-term social prevention and capacity enhancement interventions. The Government should build legitimate institutions that can provide a sustained level of citizen security, justice and jobs.